Adding steps to your deck can greatly increase its functionality and accessibility. Steps allow easy access between different levels and prevent falls and injuries. When planning steps for your deck, there are several important factors to consider including deck height, step dimensions, materials, railings and local building codes. Properly constructed steps require careful planning, quality materials and proper installation. This article will provide a step-by-step overview of the entire process to help you successfully build sturdy and safe steps for your deck.
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Determining Step Dimensions
The first step in planning your deck steps is determining the appropriate dimensions. This includes the tread depth, riser height, and number of steps needed.
Tread Depth
The tread depth is the horizontal length of the step. This should be a minimum of 11 inches for comfortable foot placement. Standard depth is typically 12 inches. Large treads of 18 inches or more are recommended for decks that will have heavy traffic or require easier access.
Riser Height
The riser height is the vertical space between each step. Standard height is around 7 inches. For comfortable use, this should remain between 6 and 7.5 inches. Short risers can feel awkward while tall risers are difficult to climb.
Number of Steps
To determine the number of steps needed, start by measuring the total rise of your deck. This is the height difference between the ground level landing and the top deck surface. Divide this rise by an ideal individual riser height between 6 and 7.5 inches. Round this number up to get your minimum step count. If the resulting number seems awkward or steep, add one or two additional steps for a more comfortable incline.
For example, if your deck is 24 inches off the ground, you would calculate:
24 inch rise / 7 inch risers = 3.4 steps
Round up to 4 steps
Step Materials
Deck steps should be constructed using sturdy, weather-resistant materials. Pressure treated lumber is a popular choice. Other options include:
Wood
– Pressure treated lumber
– Cedar – naturally rot resistant
– Redwood
– Composite lumber
Metal
– Aluminum
– Galvanized steel
– Stainless steel
Concrete
– Pre-cast concrete steps
– Poured concrete with reinforcement
Stone
– Flagstone
– Ledgestone
– Landscape rocks
Plastic
– PVC
– Recycled plastic composite
Consider appearance, budget, durability, and climate when selecting step materials. Proper construction and drainage are also important to prevent premature rot and decay.
Framing the Steps
Once you have determined the number, rise and run of your steps, it’s time to build the framework. This provides necessary support and stability. There are several methods for framing deck steps:
Notched Stringers
Notched stringers are commonly used for DIY builds or smaller steps. These involve cutting notches into support stringers placed at each end of the steps. The notches will hold the tread boards in place. 2×12 boards work well for outdoor stringers.
Solid Stringers
Solid stringers have a straight edge along the incline rather than notches. These require additional framing but can be sturdier. Ideal for larger steps.
Box Steps
Box steps are built by enclosing the open risers with skirt boards. This gives a cleaner appearance and increased stability but typically costs more in materials and labor.
Pre-Made Stairs
For convenience, pre-fabricated steps are available. These bolt directly to the deck frame and come in various sizes. Helpful for DIYers but can lack customization.
Proper support beams, posts, and footings are also vital for safety. Follow local codes for railing requirements.
Installing the Treads
Once the stringers are in place, the treads can be installed to create each step. For notched stringers, position the tread boards into the notches cut into the sides. Secure with quality deck screws, screws and construction adhesive, or hidden connectors.
For solid stringers, use joist hangers or ledger boards attached to the stringers to support each tread. Space consistently based on your planned run measurement.
Stagger adjacent tread boards at least 1 inch for better stability. Use an exterior grade adhesive when joining tread edges. Carefully check each tread for secure, level placement.
Building the Risers
Risers boards enclose the back of the steps for improved appearance and safety. Cut 1x boards to fit snugly between the stringers and attach securely with deck screws or nails.
For a cleaner look, avoid gaps between riser and tread boards. Bullnose edges can help hide seams. An open back or open riser design is acceptable if permitted by local codes.
Railings for Safety
Proper railings are crucial to prevent falls from elevated deck steps. Rail height, spacing, and construction must follow the guidelines of your local building code. Standard height is 36 inches minimum.
Wood, metal, glass panels and cable railings can all work for deck steps. Install securely using sturdy vertical posts anchored into the footings or deck frame. Pay close attention to railing ends which should return back to the deck surface.
Finishing Options
Depending on the materials used, you may need to apply protective finishes to preserve wood steps or enhance appearance:
Paint/Stain
– Provides color options
– Seals and protects wood
– Needs periodic touch ups
Water Sealants
– Penetrating oils or resins
– Repel moisture
– May require frequent reapplication
Outdoor Carpet
– Improves traction
– Hides imperfections
– Needs replacement over time
Metal Edging
– Decorative touch
– Protects tread edges
– Come in aluminum, steel, etc.
Proper drainage is also key. Be sure steps slope slightly away from the deck to prevent water pooling. Consider adding lighting for visibility and accent.
Important Tips for Safe Deck Steps
– Follow local building codes for all structural and railing requirements
– Select quality materials resistant to weather and wear
– Double check step measurements during construction
– Allow a minimum tread depth of 11 inches
– Keep riser heights between 6 and 7.5 inches
– Stagger adjacent tread boards at least 1 inch
– Secure stringers and framing with adequate posts and footings
– Install sturdy railings on both sides of steps
– Pay attention to safe railing height and returns
– Pre-drill wood prior to screwing to prevent splitting
– Use pressure treated lumber rated for ground contact anywhere it touches the ground
– Ensure proper drainage to reduce risk of rotting
– Check for secure attachment and stability of all step components
– Add exterior lighting for increased nighttime visibility
– Use tactile warnings like tread strips for improved safety
– Maintain steps by re-staining woods, clearing debris, removing ice, etc.
– Consider hiring an experienced deck builder if uncertain about structural details
Conclusion
Adding properly constructed steps is one of the best ways to improve deck function and safety. Paying careful attention to tread size, rise, materials, and railings will ensure your new stairs are sturdy, visually appealing, and compliant with code. Taking it slow, double checking measurements, and using quality materials will lead to long-lasting steps you’ll enjoy for years to come. With proper planning and care, you can successfully build beautiful deck steps on your own or with the help of an experienced professional.